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The phases of sleep and restful sleep
Sleep is the most frequent activity of every human being, being of fundamental importance for the health of our organism. As we learned in the article on "how to take CBD for sleep", sleep disorders are very common and can have negative consequences on many metabolic functions, as well as entailing varying degrees of personal and occupational disability.
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The phases of sleep
Sleep is made up of several cycles of approximately 1:30-2 hours' duration that are repeated 5-6 times each night: for this reason it is advisable to have 7-8 hours of sleep, as a shorter duration would mean a reduction in the number of cycles and/or the possibility of interrupting one of them, which would have a negative influence on the quality of sleep and rest.
Each sleep cycle is composed of 4 phases, of which only the last one represents REM sleep (rapid eye movement)
Phase 1 NREM: This is the stage of superficial sleep, in which one enters a state between sleep and wakefulness. It lasts for a few minutes, during which the body relaxes by slowing down the heartbeat, breathing rate, eye movements and brain waves.
Phase 2 NREM: This is the stage in which the sleep state begins, disconnecting from the external world and further slowing down vital functions, which is why the body temperature drops.
Phase 3 NREM: This is the stage of deep sleep, in which the body minimises its vital functions and rests from daily activity, recharging its energy and regenerating its tissues and functions. This phase is essential for restful sleep and for maintaining good health, as it is the time when the body sets in motion the metabolic and hormonal changes necessary for the body's development.
After 70-90 minutes, sleep begins:
Phase 4 REM: This is the stage of processing the information acquired during the day and consolidating memories, which is why this is when most dreams appear. In this phase the body and brain are active almost as in the waking state, increasing the heartbeat, breathing rate, brain waves and eye movements, although a temporary paralysis is observed to avoid muscle movements during dreams.
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How CBD can help you get better sleep
The rhythm of sleep and wakefulness is regulated by two biological mechanisms:
Circadian rhythms: known as the biological clock, they coordinate the temporal variables of sleep (when to sleep and when to wake) with the environment and regulate metabolic functions and body temperature.
Homeostasis mechanisms: coordinate the qualitative variables of sleep (quality and duration required), influencing the quantity and depth of sleep according to events that have occurred during the waking state.
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The endocannabinoid system is primarily responsible for maintaining the psycho-physical balance of our organism, and therefore plays a very important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and the different phases of sleep (11).
Fluctuations in the concentration of the main endocannabinoids in the brain are related to the sleep-wake cycle, in particular 2-AG is more present during the day and promotes alertness, while Anandamide is more concentrated at night, promoting the appearance of slow brain waves.
The cannabinoid receptor most involved in brain circuits and whose expression influences the regulation of circadian rhythms and the stability of NREM sleep is the CB1 receptor, through which the Endocannabinoid System modulates the different neurotransmitters involved in the different phases of sleep.
One third of the world's population reports having problems related to the quantity or quality of sleep, which can be caused by a variety of factors, from stress or illness to eating habits and daily activities. In addition, sleep disorders can be a trigger for psychiatric problems such as anxiety and depression, as well as having a negative impact on the quality of daily life.
In any of the above-mentioned cases, an altered activity of the Endocannabinoid System can be observed, therefore a treatment with phytocannabinoids could be very promising.
In particular, CBD could represent a very effective tool due to its different properties:
Physical relaxation: CBD has a hypotensive effect that facilitates muscle and nervous system relaxation.
Mental relaxants: CBD has a hypnotic and anxiolytic effect, thanks to the modulation of the serotonergic system
Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System: CBD increases the levels of Anandamide, which influences the state of sleep and also helps to regulate the hormonal system and the regulation of psycho-physical stress.
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References and Studies on CBD and insomnia
Studies show that among the vast majority of therapeutic users of Cannabis, one of the main reasons for its use is to alleviate sleep problems or improve sleep quality (4-6).
Some studies have shown beneficial effects of CBD on the quantity and quality of sleep (14), increasing its duration and reducing night-time awakenings, as well as being able to alleviate behavioural disorders during REM sleep (3-13).
Other studies have observed an improvement in sleep problems related to phase 3 NREM sleep, due to an inhibitory effect on FAAH enzymes (Anandamide degrading enzymes), which is one of the effects of CBD on the endocannabinoid system (6).
In clinical trials of Sativex, it has been observed that a balanced combination of THC and CBD provides significant improvements in sleep quality (5), and some researchers hypothesise that CBD can improve sleep problems when accompanied by a small proportion of THC, thanks to the synergistic effect between the two compounds. In general, while sporadic use of higher amounts of THC may facilitate a state of relaxation and drowsiness, continued use may negatively influence sleep quality (7-12).
Clinical trials are showing very promising results using CBD products alone or in combination with other cannabinoids such as THC and CBN. (6)
How to take CBD to facilitate restful sleep
To alleviate sleep problems and to improve its restorative effect, it is essential to take CBD internally, especially through sublingual use (not regulated in Spain).
In general, it is advisable to start with a low to medium concentration of cbd oil (5%-10%), initially using minimal doses and gradually increasing the amount of drops until the effect appears. If you want to go down this route, it is advisable to seek advice and follow-up with a specialised health professional.
Other tips to help you get a good night's sleep
The quality of sleep can be influenced both positively and negatively by some daily habits, so there are some good practices that help to facilitate a restful sleep, for example:
Eating habits: factors that have a negative influence can be late dinners, eating a lot of food and/or eating heavy or high-calorie foods. It is advisable to eat a light meal such as vegetables, allowing at least 2 hours before going to bed.
The intake of stimulating substances such as coffee, alcohol or tobacco can make it difficult to sleep, so try to avoid their use during the night.
Night-time activities involving mental and physical stimulation can make relaxation and sleep difficult, so it is advisable to stop any stimulating activity one hour before bedtime.
electronic screens during the night can alter levels of melatonin, the hormone that induces natural sleep, so stop using electronic devices in the last 1-2 hours before bedtime.
It is advisable to go to bed and get up at regular times, keeping a routine.
The environment: it is advisable to sleep in a dark and quiet environment, as bright or noisy places can have a negative effect on the restorative effect of sleep.
Final conclusions on CBD and insomnia
Thanks to its relaxing and modulating effect on the Endocannabinoid System, CBD can represent a valuable therapeutic tool both for dealing with sleep-related problems and for optimising and facilitating its regenerative and restorative effect.
Is CBD safe? Precautions
CBD is a very safe substance even if used in large quantities, but care should be taken when taking medication or if you suffer from heart or blood pressure problems. For this reason in these cases it is always advisable to contact a health professional.
Possible adverse effects
Adverse effects are usually mild to moderate in severity and may include tiredness, drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness and decreased appetite.
Babson, K.A., Bonn-Miller, M.O. (2014) Sleep Disturbances: Implications for Cannabis Use, Cannabis Use Cessation, and Cannabis Use Treatment. Curr Addict Rep1, 109ā114
Russo, E. B., Guy, G. W., & Robson, P. J. (2007). Cannabis, pain, and sleep: lessons from therapeutic clinical trials of Sativex, a cannabis-based medicine. Chemistry & biodiversity, 4(8), 1729ā1743.
Suraev, A. S., Marshall, N. S., Vandrey, R., McCartney, D., Benson, M. J., McGregor, I. S., Grunstein, R. R., & Hoyos, C. M. (2020). Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Sleep medicine reviews, 53, 101339.
Kesner, A. J., & Lovinger, D. M. (2020). Cannabinoids, Endocannabinoids and Sleep. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience, 13, 125
Pava, M. J., Makriyannis, A., & Lovinger, D. M. (2016). Endocannabinoid Signaling Regulates Sleep Stability. PloS one, 11(3), e0152473
Hanlon E. C. (2020). Impact of circadian rhythmicity and sleep restriction on circulating endocannabinoid (eCB) N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide). Psychoneuroendocrinology, 111, 104471
Babson, K. A., Sottile, J., & Morabito, D. (2017). Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature. Current psychiatry reports, 19(4), 23
de Almeida, C., Brito, M., Bosaipo, N. B., Pimentel, A. V., Tumas, V., Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J., Hallak, J., & Eckeli, A. L. (2021). Cannabidiol for Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 36(7), 1711ā1715.
Shannon, S., Lewis, N., Lee, H., & Hughes, S. (2019). Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series. The Permanente journal, 23, 18ā041. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/18-041
Among the diseases that can affect the musculoskeletal system, causing pain and inflammation, problems affecting the knees, one of the most complex joints in the human body due to its crucial role in maintaining posture and movement, stand out. Knee pain can have different causes and manifest itself in acute or chronic form, causing varying degrees of personal and occupational incapacity and negatively influencing the quality of life of the sufferer.
One of the most frequent causes of knee pain is osteoarthritis (OA), which occurs in 4% of the population and represents the eleventh leading cause of disability worldwide.
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Most common causes of knee pain
The knee is a joint composed of:
Bones: femur, tibia and kneecap
Ligaments: medial and lateral collateral, anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate ligaments
Cartilage, including the meniscus
Synovial fluid
Muscles and tendons responsible for their movement
There are different problems that can affect the knees, causing pain and inflammation, and they can occur at any age, and may be related to specific mechanical trauma, the presence of a disease or wear and tear due to the passage of time. Being overweight can play a crucial role in the development of knee pain and problems, as can many physical and heavy sports or jobs.
The most common causes of knee pain can be:
Presence of osteoarthritis or osteoarthritis: these represent the most frequent chronic problems, involving wear and tear and degeneration of the cartilage causing pain, swelling and stiffness
Ligament injuries (sprains): very frequent among sportsmen and women, they can be of different degrees causing strain, partial or total rupture of the ligament
Partial or total meniscus injuries
Tendon injuries
Bone fractures
Muscular problems
Diagnóstico y tratamientos para el dolor de rodilla
Diagnosis is made by physical examination and using techniques such as arthroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging.
Depending on the severity of the problem, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs are usually prescribed as well as compensatory physical exercise and weight control strategies, as postural changes due to knee problems can also lead to back pain.
In the most severe cases, surgery is necessary to heal bone fractures, tendon, ligament and meniscus injuries.
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How CBD works against knee pain
The endocannabinoid system, which is dedicated to maintaining the psycho-physical balance of our organism, is present in both the muscular and skeletal systems, participating in the processes of recovery from an injury or fracture and also modulating inflammatory processes and pain sensation thanks to its close relationship with the nervous and immune systems (3).
Different studies have observed the presence of endocannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in the synovial fluid, and in people suffering from osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, the presence of the main endocannabinoids such as anandamide and 2-AG, as well as the FAAH degrading enzyme, has also been recorded. (4) (5) (6)
CBD, thanks to its modulatory activity on the endocannabinoid system, can alleviate knee pain resulting from various causes. In particular, CBD would provide
An analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, to relieve acute problems and chronic pain of both neuropathic and rheumatological origin.(4)
Neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effect, to prevent neurological problems and slow down neurodegenerative processes (9).
Stimulating effect on bone metabolism, facilitating recovery from possible fractures and influencing collagen production (7).
Studies on the effect of CBD in animals
Numerous studies have recorded an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect of CBD in experimental models of osteoarthritis in animals, also observing a preventive effect against possible neurological damage and consequent neuropathic pain, and confirming the capacity to slow down the degenerative process, with doses of 5 mg/kg or 25 mg/day.
(7-8-9-10).
While most of the studies cited above have used the endovenous or transdermal route, there is one study carried out on dogs with OA using the ingested route: the results have shown significant improvements in symptoms after taking 4 mg of CBD a day for a month.
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Studies on the effect of CBD in humans
Preclinical evidence shows the beneficial effects of CBD in relieving pain and reducing inflammation in joints, demonstrating how phytocannabinoid treatments can represent a safe, effective and economical option for treating acute or chronic problems such as arthritis and osteoarthritis of the knee.
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More specifically, significant improvements have been reported following transdermal application of synthetic CBD and a clinical trial is currently under preparation to study the effectiveness of oral applications of CBD in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.
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How to take CBD for knee pain
According to studies, it is possible to take CBD internally in inhaled, sublingual and ingested form, as well as externally in topical and transdermal form, to treat knee pain.
The inhaled form, which ensures maximum and immediate effect, is used to cope with acute pain, using what is needed at the time.
The sublingual form (not regulated in Spain) is used to obtain a continuous and stable effect and represents a better option compared to the ingested form (not regulated in Spain). In general, it is advisable to start with a low to medium concentration CBD oil (5%-10%), starting with minimal doses and gradually increasing every two days until the effects appear. In this case, it is highly recommended to seek advice and monitoring by a specialised health professional.
Through the topical route, the effect is concentrated in the area of application, so it is also highly recommended to use CBD-rich oils, creams and ointments that can be applied 3-4 times a day, gently massaging the entire knee area until they are completely absorbed.
There are also transdermal patches on the market (including knee pads) which, in addition to having a direct effect on the area of application, allow a systemic effect to be obtained.
Precautions: Is CBD safe?
CBD is a very safe substance even if used in large quantities, but care should be taken when taking medication or if you have heart or blood pressure problems. For this reason in these cases it is always advisable to contact a health professional.
Possible adverse effects
Adverse effects are usually mild to moderate in severity and may include tiredness, drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness and decreased appetite.
Donvito, G., Nass, S. R., Wilkerson, J. L., Curry, Z. A., Schurman, L. D., Kinsey, S. G., & Lichtman, A. H. (2018). The Endogenous Cannabinoid System: A Budding Source of Targets for Treating Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 43(1), 52ā79.
Rzeczycki, P., Rasner, C., Lammlin, L., Junginger, L., Goldman, S., Bergman, R., Redding, S., Knights, A. J., Elliott, M., & Maerz, T. (2021). Cannabinoid receptor type 2 is upregulated in synovium following joint injury and mediates anti-inflammatory effects in synovial fibroblasts and macrophages. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 29(12), 1720ā1731.
Richardson, D., Pearson, R. G., Kurian, N., Latif, M. L., Garle, M. J., Barrett, D. A., Kendall, D. A., Scammell, B. E., Reeve, A. J., & Chapman, V. (2008). Characterisation of the cannabinoid receptor system in synovial tissue and fluid in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis research & therapy, 10(2), R43.
Valastro, C., Campanile, D., Marinaro, M., Franchini, D., Piscitelli, F., Verde, R., Di Marzo, V., & Di Bello, A. (2017). Characterization of endocannabinoids and related acylethanolamides in the synovial fluid of dogs with osteoarthritis: a pilot study. BMC veterinary research, 13(1), 309. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1245-7
Kogan NM, Melamed E, Wasserman E, et al. Cannabidiol, a Major Non-Psychotropic Cannabis Constituent Enhances Fracture Healing and Stimulates Lysyl Hydroxylase Activity in Osteoblasts. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2015 Oct;30(10)
Malfait, A. M., Gallily, R., Sumariwalla, P. F., Malik, A. S., Andreakos, E., Mechoulam, R., & Feldmann, M. (2000). The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(17), 9561ā9566.
Philpott, H. T., O'Brien, M., & McDougall, J. J. (2017). Attenuation of early phase inflammation by cannabidiol prevents pain and nerve damage in rat osteoarthritis. Pain, 158(12), 2442ā2451.
Hammell, D. C., Zhang, L. P., Ma, F., Abshire, S. M., McIlwrath, S. L., Stinchcomb, A. L., & Westlund, K. N. (2016). Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis. European journal of pain (London, England), 20(6), 936ā948.
Gamble, L. J., Boesch, J. M., Frye, C. W., Schwark, W. S., Mann, S., Wolfe, L., Brown, H., Berthelsen, E. S., & Wakshlag, J. J. (2018). Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Clinical Efficacy of Cannabidiol Treatment in Osteoarthritic Dogs. Frontiers in veterinary science, 5, 165
Miller, R. J., & Miller, R. E. (2017). Is cannabis an effective treatment for joint pain?. Clinical and experimental rheumatology, 35 Suppl 107(5), 59ā67.
Vannabouathong, C., Zhu, M., Chang, Y., & Bhandari, M. (2021). Can Medical Cannabis Therapies be Cost-Effective in the Non-Surgical Management of Chronic Knee Pain?. Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders, 14, 11795441211002492.
Hunter, D.J., Oldfield, G., Tich, N., Messenheimer, J.A., & Sebree, T.B. (2018). Synthetic transdermal cannabidiol for the treatment of knee pain due to osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 26.
Depression is a mood disorder, i.e. it affects the emotional and psychological state and is reflected in social and professional functioning, being the leading cause of disability worldwide.
Depression is an illness that affects 5% of the adult population but can occur at all ages, interfering negatively with a person's quality of life, in the personal, family, work and social spheres. In its most severe form it can even lead to suicide.
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Symptoms of depression
Feelings of sadness and pessimism, hopelessness.
Loss of interest and sense of pleasure in doing things.
Lack of mental energy and cognitive problems. (attention, memory, concentration).
Feelings of anguish, guilt and helplessness.
Irritability, frustration, anxiety.
Sleep and rest problems or oversleeping.
Changes in appetite and eating (weight gain or loss).
Lack of physical energy, tiredness and inactivity.
Physical discomfort of psychological origin
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Types of depression
The most common types are mainly characterised by duration:
Major depression: duration of at least 2 weeks.
Persistent depressive disorder: depressive state lasting 2 years with fluctuating symptoms.
There are other forms related to other factors:
Major depression with psychotic symptoms
Anxiety-depressive disorder: classified as an anxiety disorder with a marked depressive component.
Postpartum depression: characterised by the symptoms and duration of major depression.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: depressive symptoms related to the premenstrual period
Seasonal affective disorder: depressive symptoms related to the seasons, usually the colder seasons.
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Causes and Treatment of depression
Genetic, biological, psychological, environmental and socio-cultural factors may be involved. In many cases depression is triggered by a traumatic event that has emotional impact and/or physical consequences.
At the brain level, depression is related to low levels of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline, the neurotransmitters that pharmacological treatment stimulates through antidepressants. Although drugs can help at the symptomatological level, treatment involves different psychological therapy strategies.
A nivel fisiológico, el SEC interactúa con diferentes neurotransmisores, incluyendo la serotonina, la dopamina y la noradrenalina. Esta acción es debida principalmente a los receptores CB1, presentes sobre todo en el Sistema Nervioso Central y a los 5HT1a, receptores de la serotonina. (5)
Se ha hipotetizado, como ocurre en otras enfermedades, que un desequilibrio del Sistema Endocannabinoide puede dar origen a los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la depresión.
Por esta razón, gracias a un tratamiento con fitocannabinoides es posible modular los niveles de los neurotransmisores mencionados, mejorando los sĆntomas fĆsicos y psicológicos de la depresión. (6)
Aunque el uso del THC podrĆa resultar positivo en algunos casos en los cuales el consumo es controlado y supervisado por un profesional, en la mayorĆa de los casos la psicoactividad podrĆa llevar a un empeoramiento de los sĆntomas, siendo el abuso de THC un factor de comorbilidad de la depresión. (7)(8)(9)
Las propiedades del CBD pueden ser beneficiosas para aliviar diferentes sĆntomas de la depresión:
Estimula indirectamente los receptores endocannabinoides CB1 y CB2, que participan en la regulación de los neurotransmisores relacionados con la depresión
Estimula los receptores 5-HT1a, ayudando a regular los niveles de serotonina y dopamina para favorecer la estabilidad emocional
Tiene un efecto ansiolĆtico y antipsicótico, siendo de gran ayuda en caso de padecer de un sĆndrome ansioso-depresivo o sĆntomas de tipo psiquiĆ”trico
Tiene un efecto relajante a nivel mental y fĆsico, favoreciendo una buena calidad del sueƱo y del descanso y el restablecimiento de unos ritmos circadianos naturales.
Su efecto neuroprotector y antioxidante favorece la plasticidad neuronal favorece las funciones cognitivas afectadas por los estados depresivos
What do studies say about the use of CBD for depressive symptoms?
There are studies in both animals and humans that demonstrate the safety and efficacy of CBD in the treatment of depressive symptoms, justifying the need for more comprehensive and controlled studies.
In addition, there is strong clinical evidence for the efficacy of CBD in alleviating symptoms of anxiety, which is often associated with depressive disorders. Several clinical trials are studying its anxiolytic properties in depth.
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How to use CBD for depression?
In order to take advantage of the properties of CBD that help alleviate depressive symptoms, it is necessary to use it internally (not regulated in Spain), both through inhalation and sublingual use. It is advisable to start with low to medium concentration products (5%-10%), initially using minimal doses (1-2 drops) and gradually increasing the dose until the effects appear. In any case, when opting for this route, it is always advisable to contact a specialised professional who can offer personalised advice, follow-up and, if possible, psychological therapeutic support.Precautions: Is CBD safe?
CBD is a very safe substance even if used in large quantities, but care should be taken when taking medication or if you suffer from heart or blood pressure problems. For this reason in these cases it is always advisable to contact a health professional.
Possible side effects
Side effects are usually mild to moderate and may include tiredness, drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness and decreased appetite.
Rana, T., Behl, T., Sehgal, A., Mehta, V., Singh, S., Kumar, R., & Bungau, S. (2021). Integrating Endocannabinoid Signalling In Depression. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN, 71(10), 2022ā2034.
Onaemo, V. N., Fawehinmi, T. O., & D'Arcy, C. (2021). Comorbid Cannabis Use Disorder with Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Nationally Representative Epidemiological Surveys. Journal of affective disorders, 281, 467ā475.
Lowe, D., Sasiadek, J. D., Coles, A. S., & George, T. P. (2019). Cannabis and mental illness: a review. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 269(1), 107ā120.
Feingold, D., & Weinstein, A. (2021). Cannabis and Depression. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1264, 67ā80.
Oberbarnscheidt, T., & Miller, N. S. (2020). The Impact of Cannabidiol on Psychiatric and Medical Conditions. Journal of clinical medicine research, 12(7), 393ā403.
Crippa, J. A., GuimarĆ£es, F. S., Campos, A. C., & Zuardi, A. W. (2018). Translational Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a New Age. Frontiers in immunology, 9, 2009.Ā
De Mello Schier, A. R., de Oliveira Ribeiro, N. P., Coutinho, D. S., Machado, S., Arias-Carrión, O., Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Nardi, A. E., & Silva, A. C. (2014). Antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol: a chemical compound of Cannabis sativa. CNS & neurological disorders drug targets, 13(6), 953ā960.Ā
Silote, G. P., Sartim, A., Sales, A., Eskelund, A., Guimarães, F. S., Wegener, G., & Joca, S. (2019). Emerging evidence for the antidepressant effect of cannabidiol and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy, 98,
CBD oil has a wide range of health benefits. From relieving chronic pain to achieving a state of relaxation in diseases such as epilepsy or anxiety. But we can't forget that cbd is also anti-inflammatory.
Many people wonder whether cbd has better anti-inflammatory properties than ibuprofen. So, to clear up any doubts, we are going to talk about the anti-inflammatory power of CBD.
CBD vs ibuprofen
In this section we will assess the effects of CBD vs ibuprofen, the most commonly used drug to combat inflammatory effects and bodily discomfort.
Many people turn to ibuprofen when they have some kind of discomfort or inflammation in their body. Its effectiveness is more than proven, although like any medical drug, it should not be abused without a doctor's prescription.
CBD has become an alternative for those who suffer from inflammation and chronic pain and do not want to take chemical medications.
But can CBD really be a substitute for ibuprofen?
Ibuprofen has a more immediate effect (or at least is felt in a shorter period of time), but CBD remedies require longer exposure in the body to have their effects. However, this will depend on the dose used.
It is also worth bearing in mind that medications can become habit-forming and lose their effectiveness after prolonged use, as is the case with ibuprofen. However, this is not the case with CBD, and increasing the dosage does not pose as much of a health risk as using ibuprofen.
Ultimately, CBD oil and its derivatives can help in the treatment of pain and inflammation over a longer period of time, whereas ibuprofen will provide relief at specific times and more quickly. However, if CBD is to be used as an anti-inflammatory, it is best to seek the advice of a medical professional.
CBD anti-inflammatory properties
There are certain ailments or illnesses that, after scientific study, it has been shown that their consequences and effects on the body can be minimised by using cannabidiol as an anti-inflammatory. Some cases in which cbd is anti-inflammatory:
Rheumatic diseases with mild and bothersome inflammatory involvement. The use of CBD creams helps transdermal absorption in the areas affected by pain.
Allergic dermatitis where allergens cause inflammation and redness. CBD oil can be applied to soothe the painful and itchy area.
Arthritis. This is a chronic inflammation of the joints, so continued use of CBD is able to alleviate the aches and pains of this condition.
Pancreatic problems where anti-inflammatory drugs are not as effective. However, cannabidiol has been shown to minimise inflammation and allow pancreatic tissue to regenerate more effectively.
Irritable bowel syndrome, where CBD may have better digestive effects than chemical drugs, largely because CBD is a natural element.
In short, CBD can contribute with its inflammatory effect to:
Pain is considerably reduced.
The levels of anxiety caused by pain disappear.
Muscles relax and loosen up.
Inflammation from external injuries is reduced.
CBD oil for inflammation
And you are probably wondering what happens if the inflammation is internal. Well, CBD can also be taken in the form of consumable oil, capsules, infusions, jelly beans, etc. However, it must always be supervised by a medical professional.
CBD oil can help relieve pain and inflammation and with fewer side effects than taking ibuprofen, both in the short and long term.
CBD oils are among the most common compounds used by people today. This is because it allows for better and more effective dosing, as well as a long shelf life. The texture of CBD is very similar to other oils, although alcohol is used as a carrier instead of oil. This gives it a longer shelf life and makes it easier for herbalists and naturopaths to mix it with other herbs or essential oils that have anti-inflammatory properties among their components. However, this alcohol-infused oil cannot be ingested.
To take CBD for inflammation, simply measure the recommended or desired dose with the dropper containing the product and place it under the tongue for a quick effect, or ingest it for a slower, more controlled effect.
In general, it is estimated that oils and sprays taken orally are absorbed into the bloodstream in an average of 10-45 minutes.
CBD anti-inflammatory cream
When using CBD as an anti-inflammatory, it is important to consider where the inflammation is located. Swelling and irritation on external areas caused by rashes or injuries can be treated with CBD ointments, lotions or creams applied directly to the affected area.
Any inflammation of the skin also benefits from ingesting CBD oil. However, the most common mode of treatment is topical (on the skin). This allows the cannabidiol to concentrate in the affected local tissues.
We can use the anti-inflammatory cannabidiol topically in cases of:
Psoriasis.
Allergic dermatitis.
Muscular lesions.
Skin infections.
Eczema.
Acne
Tendinitis
In general, CBD balms and creams can take longer to reach the pores of the skin, up to 90 minutes if rubbed into the affected area. Because CBD takes longer to take effect and is slower to work, balms and topicals often have higher concentrations of CBD added to them to make them work. Similarly, metabolism and body fat influence the way CBD is absorbed by the body.
What are the best anti-inflammatory creams with CBD?
CBD creams and ointments are dermatological and cosmetic products that contain cannabidiol in their composition, either using oil or extract.
Below, we are going to talk about two topical solutions containing CBD. One is the CBD recovery balm and the other is Alivium CBD cold effect.
CBD Recovery Balm
A remedy in case of muscle and joint injuries is to use the muscle recovery balm with cbd, as it will activate and improve the body's well-being.
In addition, this product contains 95.95% natural ingredients that have been certified by the European Union and are animal cruelty-free. In addition, it has been produced in Spain and is dermatologically tested.
This cannabidiol balm is composed of natural ingredients that act on the affected area immediately and provides benefits such as:
Rich in Cannabidiol.
It tones and moisturises the skin, giving a feeling of recovery.
It is ideal to apply before, during or after sport or daily tasks.
It has an immediate cold effect.
It gives a great feeling of body relaxation.
Its ingredients include CBD, essential oils (hemp, mint, lemongrass, clove, eucalyptus, arnica and rosehip) and honey.
To use, a small amount of the balm should be applied to the affected area or area to be treated, spreading the product with a gentle massage in circular movements to ensure complete absorption. It can be used at any time of the day.
Similarly, the CBD recovery balm can be used in combination with other products to achieve a greater effect and can be used on hands and legs after physical exercise.
Alivium CBD Cold Effect
Alivium CBD cream has a revolutionary formula composed of honey and cannabidiol (CBD). CBD acts on the endocannabinoid system, which regulates essential functions in the body, and reduces the sensation of pain.
This product is composed of 95.9% natural ingredients which are CBD, honey, mental, lemongrass, clove, arnica, rosehip and eucalyptus. All these elements contribute to Alivium giving us a series of benefits such as:
Softness and hydration. Deeply moisturising and giving luminosity to the skin, also increasing its softness.
Nourishing. Contains hemp seed oil and coconut oil, rich in vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, fatty acids (Omega 3 and 6) and essential amino acids. These compounds are essential to maintain the well-being of the skin.
Physical and mental relaxation. Thanks to the properties of CBD that make the product help to reduce joint and muscle pain, also helping to give mental calmness due to physical relaxation and hemp aroma.
Skin repairer. Antibacterial and antioxidant effects help to cleanse and protect the skin from ageing and pollution. It also helps to regulate the skin's natural pH.
To use, apply a small amount to the area to be treated and spread with a gentle massage in circular motions for complete absorption. It can be used 2 or 3 times a day to comfort the skin and use cbd as an anti-inflammatory.
Bibliography:
Fatouros, I., & Jamurtas, A. (2016). Insights into the molecular etiology of exercise-induced inflammation: opportunities for optimizing performance. Journal of Inflammation Research, 9, 175 ā 186.
Langer, H. T., Mossakowski, A. A., Pathak, S., Mascal, M. J., & Baar, K. (2021). Cannabidiol does not impair anabolic signaling following eccentric contractions in rats. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 31(2), 93-100. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijsnem/31/2/article-p93.xml
Kogan NM, Melamed E, Wasserman E, et al. Cannabidiol, a Major Non-Psychotropic Cannabis Constituent Enhances Fracture Healing and Stimulates Lysyl Hydroxylase Activity in Osteoblasts. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2015 Oct;30(10):1905-1913. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2513.
Cruz, Candelaria. (2020). The effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Perceived Muscle Soreness, Inflammation, and Performance after Bouts of Eccentric Exercise of the Elbow Flexors.
Cochrane-Snyman KC, Cruz C, Morales J, Coles M. The Effects of Cannabidiol Oil on Noninvasive Measures of Muscle Damage in Men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2021 Jul;53(7):1460-1472. DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002606.
Kasper, A.M., Sparks, S.A., Hooks, M.C., Skeer, M., Webb, B., Nia, H., Morton, J., & Close, G. (2020). High Prevalence of Cannabidiol Use Within Male Professional Rugby Union and League Players: A Quest for Pain Relief and Enhanced Recovery. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 1-8.
Pellati, Federica & Borgonetti, Vittoria & Brighenti, Virginia & Biagi, Marco & Benvenuti, Stefania & Corsi, Lorenzo. (2018). Cannabis sativa L. and Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoids: Their Chemistry and Role against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer. BioMed Research International. 2018. 1-15. 10.1155/2018/1691428.
Burstein S. Cannabidiol (CBD) and its analogs: a review of their effects on inflammation. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2015 Apr;23(7):1377-1385. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.059.
Hobbs, Jack & Vazquez, Allegra & Remijan, Nicholas & Trotter, Roxanne & McMillan, Thomas & Freedman, Kimberly & Wei, Yuren & Woelfel, Keith & Arnold, Olivia & Wolfe, Lisa & Johnson, Sarah & Weir, Tiffany. (2020). Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and acute anti?inflammatory potential of two oral cannabidiol preparations in healthy adults. Phytotherapy Research. 34. 10.1002/ptr.6651.
Sangiovanni, E., Fumagalli, M., Pacchetti, B., Piazza, S., Magnavacca, A., Khalilpour, S., Melzi, G., Martinelli, G., & DellāAgli, M. (2019). Cannabis sativa L. extract and cannabidiol inhibit in vitro mediators of skin inflammation and wound injury. Phytotherapy research : PTR, 33(8), 2083ā2093. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6400
La planta de Cannabis Sativa L produce diferentes compuestos entre los cuales destacan los cannabinoides, casi totalmente exclusivos de esta especie. El Cannabidiol, conocido por sus siglas CBD, es uno de los dos principales (junto con el Tetrahidrocannabinol o THC) entre los mƔs de 120 que se presentan en la planta.
Otra diferencia es que el CBD no provoca adicción, al contrario, es un gran aliado para dejar de fumar o reducir el consumo de otras sustancias adictivas, al intervenir en el proceso de recompensa de nuestro cerebro y reducir la ansiedad de los periodos de abstinencia.
Varios investigadores estudian la unión entre diferentes cannabinoides como el CBD y THC en distintos ratios para lograr terapias nuevas para distintas enfermedades.
La campaƱa de prohibición, liderada por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos desde los aƱos 30, bloqueó los avances y usos del Cannabis por intereses polĆticas y sociales de carĆ”cter racista (principalmente para poder justificar una lucha contra la comunidad negra y, mĆ”s tarde, el movimiento hippie) y por intereses económicas (exportación de algodón y nylon).
El CBD empezó a tomar un rol importante gracias al descubrimiento de sus propiedades relajantes y antiespasmódicas, lo que llevó a patentar el Sativex, un medicamento a base de THC y CBD recetado por algunos sĆntomas de la Esclerosis MĆŗltiple.
Pero lo queha cambiado radicalmente la visión sobre el Cannabis y ha impulsado los centenares de estudios que existen sobre CBD es la historia de Charlotte Figi, una niƱa estadounidense que desde los pocos meses de edad padeció el SĆndrome de Dravet, una rara forma de epilepsia infantil intensa y frecuente que resiste a los tratamientos farmacológicos y causa hasta 400 crisis semanales y la muerte en pocos aƱos.
Ante la falta de respuesta a los fĆ”rmacos y con Charlotte casi totalmente incapacitada, su familia decidió suministrarle de forma ingerida aceite de Cannabis de CBD y el resultado fue impensable: las crisis se redujeron hasta 3 o 4 por mes sin necesidad de tomar ninguna medicación mĆ”s y la niƱa empezó a caminar, alimentarse por sĆ sola y a desarrollar sus funciones cognitivas. En los Ćŗltimos aƱos Charlotte logró vivir totalmente libre de crisis pero lamentablemente falleció en Abril 2020 por consecuencias de una neumonĆa a la edad de 13 aƱos.
Respecto a otros fitocannabinoides principales (THC, CBG, CBC, CBN, THCV...) que se caracterizan por estimular o inhibir directamente los receptores del ECS, el CBD se comporta de una forma muy diferente, ya que su forma de actuar se caracteriza por ser mƔs indirecta y permitir que el ECS aumente su actividad.
Se puede definir que el CBD se encarga de modular el ECS, es decir que se pone āa disposiciónā variando su actividad segĆŗn las necesidades del momento y actuando de una forma mĆ”s indirecta, permitiendo asĆ que el ECS mejore su eficacia.
En particular, el CBD tiene un rol fundamental en la regulación y modulación de los procesos inflamatorios y de recuperación funcional, ademĆ”s de facilitar la relajación tanto fĆsica como psĆquica.
Su responsabilidad es equilibrar procesos metabólicos y optimizar la función de nuestro cuerpo y tiene un papel crucial en la regulación de nuestra fisiologĆa, estado de Ć”nimo y experiencia del dĆa al dĆa.
En España este uso no estÔ regulado sin embargo en EEUU, CanadÔ, Reino Unido, Alemania, Italia o Suiza se utiliza como un complemento alimenticio, y se aconseja el uso sublingual para aumentar y optimizar los efectos del aceite de CBD para molestias o problemas de acción no local.
El efecto del CBD puede variar en cada persona, aunque se caracteriza por una ligera sensación de tranquilidad y relajación tanto fĆsica como mental, sin tener el efecto psicotrópico relacionado con el THC.
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-Urotz
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Los efectos secundarios del CBD
El CBD es una sustancia segura que carece de efectos adversos particulares o de intensidad grave. Los efectos secundarios del consumo ingerido de CBD suelen ser de intensidad moderada-leve, se reducen una vez se deja de utilizar el producto y podrĆan incluir: cansancio, somnolencia, sequedad de boca, mareos y disminución del apetito.
Contraindicaciones del CBD
En la actualidad tan solo existen algunas publicacionesĀ sobre cómo el CBD puede interaccionar con otros fĆ”rmacos, pero hay una amplia falta de estudios clĆnicos. Hasta el momento las investigaciones concluyen que el CBD puede ralentizar la absorción de otras sustancias por lo tanto no se recomienda combinar el CBD con otras medicaciones.
Tampoco existen investigaciones clĆnicas sobre como el CBD puede afectar durante la gestación y lactancia por lo tanto no se recomienda utilizar el CBD a personas durante el embarazo o drante el proceso de lactancia.Ā
Los productos con CBD se pueden encontrar en tiendas online, herbolarios, farmaciasĀ y tiendas especializadas en CBD u otros derivados del Cannabis.
BibliografĆa:
ElSohly M.A., et al. Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L.Phytocannabinoids. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, vol 103. Springer, Cham. 2017. Print.
Booth, Martin. āCannabis: A Historyā. 1st Picador ed. New York: Picador, 2005. Print.
Mounessa, Jessica S. et al. āThe role of cannabinoids in dermatologyā Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume 77, Issue 1, 188 - 190. 2017. Print/Web.
Nos centraremos en el sueƱo, un elemento fundamental para la salud y el bienestar dada su función de regulación metabólica y del Ć”nimo asĆ como del desempeƱo cognitivo. Hoy en dĆa, los trastornos del sueƱo son la queja nĆŗmero uno reportada en los Estados Unidos, y es un problema grave de salud pĆŗblica. (2) Los trastornos del sueƱo son motivo de consulta en la prĆ”ctica general y en psiquiatrĆa. MĆ”s del 50% de los pacientes en la prĆ”ctica general se quejan de insomnio cuando se les pregunta sobre sus patrones de sueƱo.(3) Dormir bien ya no solo es importante por el cansancio mental y fĆsico diario sino porque puede tener grandes consecuencias a largo plazo. La deprivación de sueƱo puede verse relacionada con alteraciones en:
Como norma general, se recomienda dormir entre 7 y 8 horas sabiendo que según cada etapa del desarrollo los valores pueden variar. De base, es importante prestar atención y modificar en caso de que fuese necesario todas aquellas conductas que nos perjudiquen a la hora de dormir bien. Esto se puede conseguir evitando una serie de patrones como:
Siestas de mƔs de 2h
Horarios irregulares a la hora de irse a la cama y levantarse
Tabaco, alcohol, cafeĆna 4h antes de ir a dormir
Actividad estimulante (Ej: deporte, televisión, uso del móvil) antes de ir a dormir
Emplear la cama para todo aquello que no sea dormir
Periodos de vigilia en la cama (mƔs 30 minutos)
Cuando todas estas conductas se hayan corregido, si continuasen nuestros problemas, serĆa momento de pensar tomar algo extra. Normalmente, los fĆ”rmacos recomendados para los trastornos del sueƱo son los llamados hipnóticos, entre los cuales se encuentran: las benzodiacepinas y los inductores del sueƱo no benzodiacepĆnicos. AdemĆ”s, se pueden recomendar los antidepresivos segĆŗn el perfil de sueƱo que tenga el individuo. Como bien se conoce, los hipnóticos no se recomiendan durante largos periodos de tiempo debido a sus potenciales efectos adversos, lo cual complica considerablemente el tratamiento dado que suelen ser recetadas para problemas crónicos.
Es por esa razón que el CBD puede ser una opción muy interesante para complementar nuestro tratamiento y mejorar nuestra calidad y duración del sueño.
Efectos del CBD en el sueƱo
En los últimos años, se ha abierto una puerta al uso del CBD para tratar los problemas de sueño. Varios estudios parecen indicar buenos resultados acerca de la capacidad de relajación y mejora de la calidad del sueño que ofrece esta sustancia.
Project CBD, realizó varios surveys (Cultivating Wellness) para entender los usos mĆ”s tĆpicos del CBD y la mayorĆa de las personas que utilizan el CBD lo utilizan para aliviar el dolor, la ansiedad y mejorar la calidad de su sueƱo. (12) En el estudio, se reflejó como el CBD ayuda tanto a quedarse dormido como a mantener el sueƱo y reduce el cansancio al despertar.Ā
El sueño estÔ regulado por el sistema endocannabinoide (ECS) dada su acción homeostÔtica del ritmo circadiano. Este proceso incluye a:
Cada noche, los endocannabinoides activan el receptor CB1 del ECS del Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) incluyendo zonas dedicadas a la regulación del sueño. Esto controla la liberación de neurotransmisores y reduce el exceso de actividad neuronal ayudando al manejo del dolor, la inflamación, la ansiedad, apetito y la calidad del sueño. CBD aumenta la actividad de endocannabinoides donde el receptor CB1, y puede que toma un papel fundamental a la hora de regular el ciclo sueño-vigilia como otros muchos procesos anteriormente mencionados. (13)
Casos clĆnicos
Actualmente se investiga a varios niveles sobre el efecto del CBD en el sueño. Un ejemplo descrito en la US National Library of Medicine revela que el uso de CBD durante el primer mes del estudio mejoró los parÔmetros de sueño (66%) y redujo la ansiedad (79%). Los niveles de ansiedad, muy relacionados con la calidad del sueño, se mantuvieron reducidos a largo plazo.  (14)
Estudios cientĆficos sobre el uso del CBD para dormir
El CBD ayuda a regular el ciclo vigilia-sueƱo afectado frecuentemente en casos de horarios laborales nocturnos, desequilibrios horarios por viajes⦠Las alteraciones del ritmo circadiano pueden manifestarse tanto a modo de insomnio como de hipersomnolencia segĆŗn el tipo de alteración horaria que presenten. En ambos casos, hay evidencias prometedores que indican que el CBD pueda serĆa beneficioso.(15)
AdemĆ”s, parece actuar en la fase REM de movimientos oculares rĆ”pidos del sueƱo y normalizar la latencia del sueƱo REM, es decir,Ā el tiempo que tarda un paciente entre que se queda dormido y entra en fase REM, normalmente unos 90-120 minutos. Regular la fase REM podrĆa ayudar a casos de pesadillas, sĆndrome de las piernas inquietas o incluso en el trastorno del comportamiento del sueƱo REM.(14)(16)
Como ya hemos mencionado, no existen claras indicaciones validadas a la hora de consumir CBD. En principio, recomendamos que cada persona adapte su consumo a nivel individual comenzando por pequeñas dosis.
Una dosis sublingual puede variar para una variedad de pautas:
Nuestra relación hasta la fecha con el consumo de Cannabis.
Los medicamentos que tomamos
Nuestro metabolismo
Nuestra edad y peso
Nuestra salud mental
Nuestra disposición mental
La vĆa utilizada (sublingual, tópico, comestible, vaporizada ect.)
Varias fuentes cientĆficascertifican que el CBD interacciona con otras hierbas y suplementos hipnóticos tales como la melatonina, causando un mayor grado de sedación e hipnosis. A pesar de la poca evidencia y de resultados concluyentes sobre los claros efectos de la sinergia de ambas sustancias, la interacción entre ambas parece darnos alguna clave para plantear en el futuro nuevas investigaciones al respecto.(18)(19)
Su acción a nivel del sistema endocannabinoide y otros sistemas neuroquĆmicos permite su empleo para tratar el sueƱo con un perfil de seguridad y tolerabilidad favorables. A dĆa de hoy no se ha evidenciado ningĆŗn caso letal por intoxicación de cannabis dado su bajo Ćndice de toxicidad.
En todo caso, existen una serie de posibles efectos adversos dosis e individuo dependientes. Estos suelen ser de intensidad moderada-leve e incluyen: cansancio, somnolencia, sequedad de boca, cefaleas, mareos y disminución del apetito.
AdemĆ”s, como afirma la Fundación Canna, segĆŗn los datos que se manejan hoy en dĆa, es probable que el CBD no genere tolerancia. Esto implicarĆa que no es necesario aumentar la dosis de consumo para conseguir un mismo efecto a lo largo del tiempo. (20)
European Regional Development Fund. A way of doing Europe.
Laboratorios Beemine S.L., within the framework of the ICEX Next programme, has received support from ICEX and co-financing from the European ERDF fund. The aim of this support is to contribute to the international development of the company and its environment.
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